L293D motor control shield L293D is a monolithic integrated, high voltage, high current, 4-channel driver. Basically this means using this chip you can drive DC motors with power supplier up to 36 Volts, and the chip can supply a maximum current of 600mA per channel. L293D chip is also known as a type of H-Bridge. The H-Bridge.
If you are planning on assembling your new robot friend, you will eventually want to learn about controlling DC motors. One of the easiest and inexpensive way to control DC motors is to interface L293D Motor Driver IC with Arduino. It can control both speed and spinning direction of two DC motors.
And as a bonus, it can even control a unipolar stepper motor like 28BYJ-48 or Bipolar stepper motor like NEMA 17.
Control Stepper Motor with L293D Motor Driver IC & Arduino
One of the easiest and inexpensive way to control stepper motors is to interface L293D Motor Driver IC with Arduino. It can control both speed..
Controlling a DC Motor
In order to have a complete control over DC motor, we have to control its speed and rotation direction. This can be achieved by combining these two techniques.
PWM – For controlling speed
The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by varying its input voltage. A common technique for doing this is to use PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
PWM is a technique where average value of the input voltage is adjusted by sending a series of ON-OFF pulses.
The average voltage is proportional to the width of the pulses known as Duty Cycle.
The higher the duty cycle, the greater the average voltage being applied to the dc motor(High Speed) and the lower the duty cycle, the less the average voltage being applied to the dc motor(Low Speed).
Below image illustrates PWM technique with various duty cycles and average voltages.
H-Bridge – For controlling rotation direction
The DC motor’s spinning direction can be controlled by changing polarity of its input voltage. A common technique for doing this is to use an H-Bridge.
An H-Bridge circuit contains four switches with the motor at the center forming an H-like arrangement.
Closing two particular switches at the same time reverses the polarity of the voltage applied to the motor. This causes change in spinning direction of the motor.
Below animation illustrates H-Bridge circuit working.
L293D Motor Driver IC
The L293D is a dual-channel H-Bridge motor driver capable of driving a pair of DC motors or one stepper motor.
That means it can individually drive up to two motors making it ideal for building two-wheel robot platforms.
For more details please refer below datasheet.
Power Supply
The L293D motor driver IC actually has two power input pins viz. ‘Vcc1’ and ‘Vcc2’.
Vcc1 is used for driving the internal logic circuitry which should be 5V.
From Vcc2 pin the H-Bridge gets its power for driving the motors which can be 4.5V to 36V. And they both sink to a common ground named GND. Free download need for speed undercover pc game highly compressed.
L293d Motor Driver SchematicOutput Terminals
The L293D motor driver’s output channels for the motor A and B are brought out to pins OUT1,OUT2 and OUT3,OUT4 respectively.
L293d Motor Driver Datasheet Pdf
You can connect two DC motors having voltages between 4.5 to 36V to these terminals. Boylestad 11th edition pdf.
Each channel on the IC can deliver up to 600mA to the DC motor. However, the amount of current supplied to the motor depends on system’s power supply.
L293d Motor Driver ArduinoControl Pins
For each of the L293D’s channels, there are two types of control pins which allow us to control speed and spinning direction of the DC motors at the same time viz. Direction control pins & Speed control pins.
Direction Control Pins
Using the direction control pins, we can control whether the motor spins forward or backward. These pins actually control the switches of the H-Bridge circuit inside L293D IC.
The IC has two direction control pins for each channel. The IN1,IN2 pins control the spinning direction of the motor A while IN3,IN4 control motor B.
The spinning direction of a motor can be controlled by applying either a logic HIGH(5 Volts) or logic LOW(Ground) to these pins. The below chart illustrates how this is done.
Speed Control Pins
The speed control pins viz. ENA and ENB are used to turn ON, OFF and control speed of motor A and motor B respectively.
Pulling these pins HIGH will make the motors spin, pulling it LOW will make them stop. But, with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), we can actually control the speed of the motors.
Wiring L293D motor driver IC with Arduino UNO
Now that we know everything about the IC, we can begin hooking it up to our Arduino!
Start by connecting power supply to the motors. In our experiment we are using DC Gearbox Motors(also known as ‘TT’ motors) that are usually found in two-wheel-drive robots. They are rated for 3 to 9V. So, we will connect external 9V power supply to the Vcc2 pin.
Next, we need to supply 5 Volts for the L293D’s logic circuitry. Connect Vcc1 pin to 5V output on Arduino. Make sure you common all the grounds in the circuit.
Now, the input and enable pins(ENA, IN1, IN2, IN3, IN4 and ENB) of the L293D IC are connected to six Arduino digital output pins(9, 8, 7, 5, 4 and 3). Note that the Arduino output pins 9 and 3 are both PWM-enabled.
Finally, connect one motor to across OUT1 & OUT2 and the other motor across OUT3 & OUT4. You can interchange your motor’s connections, technically, there is no right or wrong way.
When you’re done you should have something that looks similar to the illustration shown below.
Arduino Code – Controlling a DC Motor
The following sketch will give you complete understanding on how to control speed and spinning direction of a DC motor with L293D motor driver IC and can serve as the basis for more practical experiments and projects.
![]() Code Explanation:
The arduino code is pretty straightforward. It doesn’t require any libraries to get it working. The sketch starts with declaring Arduino pins to which L293D’s control pins are connected.
In setup section of code, all the motor control pins are declared as digital OUTPUT and pulled LOW to turn both the motors OFF.
In loop section of the code we call two user defined functions at an interval of a second. These functions are:
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